Q.1. Some decisions will be fairly obvious – “no-brainers.” Your bank account is low, but you have a two-week vacation coming up and you want to get away to some place warm to relax with your family. Will you accept your in-laws’ offer of free use of their Florida beachfront condo? Sure. You like your employer and feel ready to move forward in your career. Will you step in for your boss for three weeks while she attends a professional development course? Of course.

1 Some decisions are no-brainers. You need not think when making them. Examples are condo offers from in-laws and job offers from bosses when your bank account is low or boss is away.
2 Easy decisions are called “no-brainers” because they do not require any cerebral activity. Examples such as accepting free holiday accommodation abound in our lives.
3 Accepting an offer from in-laws when you are short on funds and want a holiday is a no-brainer. Another no-brainer is taking the boss’s job when she is away.
4 Some decisions are obvious under certain circumstances. You may, for example, readily accept a relative’s offer of free holiday accommodation. Or step in for your boss when she is away.

Q.2. Physically, inertia is a feeling that you just can’t move; mentally, it is a sluggish mind. Even if you try to be sensitive, if your mind is sluggish, you just don’t feel anything intensely. You may even see a tragedy enacted in front of your eyes and not be able to respond meaningfully. You may see one person exploiting another, one group persecuting another, and not be able to get angry. Your energy is frozen. You are not deliberately refusing to act; you just don’t have the capacity.

1 Inertia makes your body and mind sluggish. They become insensitive to tragedies, exploitation, and persecution because it freezes your energy and decapacitates it
2 Physical inertia stops your body from moving; mental inertia freezes your energy, and stops your mind from responding meaningfully to events, even tragedies, in front of you.
3 Inertia is of two types – physical and mental. Physical inertia restricts bodily movements. Mental inertia prevents mental response to events enacted in front of your eyes.
4 When you have inertia you don’t act although you see one person exploiting another or one group persecuting another. You don’t get angry because you are incapable.

Q.3. Try before you buy. We use this memorable saying to urge you to experience the consequences of an alternative before you choose it, whenever this is feasible. If you are considering buying a van after having always owned sedans, rent one for a week or borrow a friend’s. By experiencing the consequences first hand, they become more meaningful. In addition, you are likely to identify consequences you had not even thought of before. May be you will discover that it is difficult to park the van in your small parking space at work, but that, on the other hand, your elderly father has a much easier time getting in and out of it.

1 Before choosing an alternative, experience its consequences if feasible. If, for example, you want to change from sedans to a van, try one before buying it. You will discover aspects you may never have thought of.
2 Always try before you buy anything. You are bound to discover many consequences. One of the consequences of going in for a van is that it is more difficult to park than sedans at the office car park.
3 We urge you to try products such as vans before buying them. Then you can experience consequences you have not thought of such as parking problems. But your father may find vans more comfortable than cars.
4 If you are planning to buy a van after being used to sedans, borrow a van or rent it and try it before deciding to buy it. Then you may realize that parking a van is difficult while it is easier for your elderly father to get in and out of it.

Q.4. It is important for shipping companies to be clear about the objectives for maintenance and materials management – as to whether the primary focus is on service level improvement or cost minimization. Often when certain systems are set in place, the cost minimization objective and associated procedure become more important than the flexibility required for service level improvement. The problem really arises since cost minimization tends to focus on out of pocket costs which are visible, while the opportunity costs, often greater in value, are lost sight of.

1 Shipping companies have to either minimize costs or maximize service quality. If they focus on cost minimization, they will reduce quality. They should focus on service level improvement, or else opportunity costs will be lost sight of
2 Shipping companies should focus on quality level improvement rather than cost cutting. Cost cutting will lead to untold opportunity costs. Companies should have systems in place to make the service level flexible.
3 Shipping companies should determine the primary focus of their maintenance and materials management. Focus on cost minimization may reduce visible costs, but ignore greater invisible costs and impair service quality.
4 Any cost minimization program in shipping is bound to lower the quality of service. Therefore, shipping companies must be clear about the primary focus of their maintenance and materials management before embarking on cost minimization.

Q.1. Help

1 Do you really expect me to help you out with cash?
2 This syrup will help your cold.
3 I can’t help the colour of my skin
4 Ranjit may help himself with the beer in the fridge.

Q.2. Reason

1 Your stand is beyond all reason
2 Has she given you any reason for her resignation?
3 How do you deal with a friend who doesn’t listen to a reason?
4 There is little reason in your pompous advice

Q.3. Paper

1 Do you know how many trees are killed to make a truckload of paper?
2 So far I have been able to paper over the disagreements among my brothers.
3 Your suggestions look great on the paper, but are absolutely impractical.
4 Dr. Malek will read a paper on criminalization of politics.

Q.4. Business

1 My wife runs profitable business in this suburb
2 How you spend your money is as much my business as yours
3 If we advertise we will get twice as much business as we have now
4 I want to do an MBA before going into business

Q.5. Service

1 I’m not making enough even to service the loan
2 It’s a service lift; don’t get into it
3 Jyoti’s husband has been on active service for three months.
4 Customers have to service themselves at this canteen

Q

A. To much of the Labour movement, it symbolises the brutality of the upper classes.
B. And to everybody watching, the current mess over foxhunting symbolises the government’s weakness.
C. To foxhunting’s supporters, Labour’s 1991 manifesto commitment to ban it symbolises the party’s metropolitan roots and hostility to the countryside.
D. Small issues sometimes have large symbolic power.
E. To those who enjoy thundering across the countryside in red coats after foxes, foxhunting symbolises the ancient roots of rural lives.

1 DEACB
2 CEADB
3 DBAEC
4 ECDBA

Q

A. In the case of King Merolchazzar’s courtship of the Princess of the Outer Isles, there occurs a regrettable hitch.
B. She acknowledges the gifts, but no word of a meeting date follows.
C. The monarch, hearing good reports of a neighbouring princess, dispatches messengers with gifts to her court, beseeching an interview.
D. The princess names a date, and a formal meeting takes place; after that everything buzzes along pretty smoothly.
E. Royal love affairs in olden days were conducted on the correspondence method.

1 ACBDE
2 ECBAD
3 ABCDE
4 ECDAB

Q

A. Who can trace to its first beginnings the love of Damon for Pythias, of David for Jonathan, of Swan for Edgar?
B. Similarly with men.
C. There is about great friendships between man and man a certain inevitability that can only be compared with the age old association of ham and eggs.
D. One simply feels that it is one of the things that must be so.
E. No one can say what was the mutual magnetism that brought the deathless partnership of these wholesome and palatable foodstuffs about.

1 CEDBA
2 ACEBD
3 CEABD
4 ACBED

Q

A. Events intervened, and in the late 1930s and 1940s, Germany suffered from “over-branding”.
B. The British used to be fascinated by the home of Romanticism.
C. But reunification and the federal government’s move to Berlin have prompted Germany to think again about its image.
D. The first foreign package holiday was a tour of Germany organized by Thomas Cook in 1855.
E. Since then, Germany has been understandably nervous about promoting itself abroad.

1 BDAEC
2 DBAEC
3 DECAB
4 ACEBD

Q

A. The wall does not simply divide Israel from a putative Palestinian state on the basis of the 1967 borders.
B. A chilling omission from the road map is the gigantic ‘separation wall’ now being built in the West Bank by Israel.
C. It is surrounded by trenches, electric wire and moats; there are watchtowers at regular intervals.
D. It actually takes in new tracts of Palestinian land, sometimes five or six kilometers at a stretch.
E. Almost a decade after the end of South African apartheid, this ghastly racist wall is going up with scarcely a peep from Israel’s American allies who are going to pay for most of it.

1 AEDCB
2 ECADB
3 BCADE
4 BADCE

Q

A. Luckily the tide of battle moved elsewhere after the American victory at Midway and an Australian victory over Japan at Milne Bay.
B. It could have been no more than a delaying tactic.
C. The Australian military, knowing the position was hopeless, planned to fall back to the south-east in the hope of defending the main cities.
D. They had captured most of the Solomon Islands and much of New Guinea, and seemed poised for an invasion.
E. Not many people outside Australia realize how close the Japanese got.

1 ADCBE
2 ECDAB
3 EDCBA
4 CDBAE

Q

A. Call it the third wave sweeping the Indian media.
B. Now, they are starring in a new role, as suave dealmakers who are in a hurry to strike alliances and agreements.
C. Look around and you will find a host of deals that have been inked or are ready to be finalized.
D. Then the media barons wrested back control from their editors, and turned marketing warriors with the brand as their missile.
E. The first came with those magnificient men in their mahogany chambers who took on the world with their mighty fountain pens.

1 CAEBD
2 AEDBC
3 ACBED
4 CEBDA

Q

A. The celebrations of economic recovery in Washington may be as premature as that “Mission Accomplished” banner hung on the USS Abraham Lincoln to hail the end of the Iraq war.
B. Meanwhile, in the real world, the struggles of families and communities continue unabated.
C. Washington responded to the favorable turn in economic news with enthusiasm.
D. The celebrations and high-fives up and down Pennsylvania Avenue are not to be found beyond the Beltway.
E. When the third quarter GDP showed growth of 7.2% and the monthly unemployment rate dipped to 6%, euphoria gripped the US capital.

1 ECBDA
2 ACEDB
3 ECABD
4 CEDAB

Q. Their achievement in the field of literature is described as … ; sometimes it is even called …

1. insignificant, influential
2. insignificant, influential
3. unimportant, trivial
4. magnificent, irresponsible

Q. From the time she had put her hair up, every man she had met had groveled before her and she had acquired a mental attitude toward the other sex which was a blend of … and …

1. admiration, tolerance
2. indifference, contempt
3. impertinence, temperance
4. arrogance, fidelity

Q. This simplified … to the decision-making process is a must read for anyone … important real estate, personal, or professional decisions.

1. tract, enacting
2. primer, maximizing
3. guide, facing
4. introduction, under

Q. Physicians may soon have … to help paralyzed people move their limbs by bypassing the … nerves that once controlled their muscles.

1. instruments, detrimental
2. ways, damaged
3. reason, involuntary
4. impediments, complex

Q. The Internet is a medium where users have nearly … choices and … constraints about where to go and what to do.

1. choking, shocking
2. unlimited, minimal
3. unbalanced, nonexistent
4. embarrassing, no

Q. The best punctuation is that of which the reader is least conscious, for when punctuation, or lack of it, …. itself, it is usually because it …

1. conceals, recedes
2. obtrudes, offends
3. enjoins, fails
4. effaces, counts

Q. The argument that the need for a looser fiscal policy to … demand outweighs the need to … budget deficits is persuasive.

1. restrain, conceal
2. outstrip, eliminate
3. stimulate, control
4. assess, minimize

Q. The Athenians on the whole were peaceful and prosperous, they had … to sit at home and think about the universe and dispute with Socrates, or to travel abroad and … the world.

1. me, ignore
2. leisure, explore
3. ability, suffer
4. temerity, understand

Q.1. Local communities have often come in conflict with agents trying to exploit resources, at a faster pace, for an expanding commercial-industrial economy. More often than not, such agents of resource-intensification are given preferential treatment by the state, through the grant of generous long leases over mineral or fish stocks, for example, or
the provision of raw material at an enormously subsidized price. With the injustice so compounded, local communities at the receiving end of this process have no recourse expect direct action, resisting both the state and outside exploiters through a variety of protest techniques. These struggles might perhaps be seen as a manifestation of a new
kind of class conflict.

1. A new kind of class conflict arises from preferential treatments given to agents of resource-intensification by the state, which the local community sees as unfair.
2. The grant of long leases to agents of resource-intensification for an expanding commercial-industrial economy leads to direct protests from the local community, which sees it as unfair.
3. Preferential treatment given by the state to agents of resource-intensification for an expanding commercial-industrial economy exacerbates injustice to local communities and leads to direct protests from them, resulting in a new type of class conflict.
4. Local communities have no option but to protest against agents of resourceintensification and create a new type of class conflict when they are given raw material at subsidized prices for an expanding commercial-industrial economy.

Q.2. Although almost all climate scientists agree that the Earth is gradually warming, they have long been of two minds about the process of rapid climate shifts within larger periods of change. Some have speculated that the process works like a giant oven or freezer, warming or cooling the whole planet at the same time. Others think that shifts occur on opposing schedules in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, like exaggerated seasons. Recent research in Germany examining climate patterns in the Southern Hemisphere at the end of the last Ice Age strengthens the idea that warming and cooling occurs at alternate times in the two hemispheres. A more definitive answer to this debate will allow scientists to better predict when and how quickly the next climate shift will happen.

1. Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth’s climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different hemispheres; research will help find a definitive answer and better predict climate shifts in future.
2. Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth’s climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different hemispheres; finding a definitive answer will help them better predict climate shifts in future.
3. Research in Germany will help scientists find a definitive answer about warming and cooling of the Earth and predict climate shifts in the future in a better manner.
4. More research rather than debates on warming or cooling of the Earth and exaggerated seasons in its hemisphere will help scientists in Germany predict changes better in future.

Q.3. Modern bourgeois society, said Nietzsche, was decadent and enfeebled – a victim of the excessive development of the rational faculties at the expense of will and instinct. Against the liberal-rationalist stress on the intellect, Nietzsche urged recognition of the dark mysterious world of instinctual desires – the true forces of life. Smother the will excessive intellectualizing and you destroy the spontaneity that sparks cultural creativity and ignites a zest for living. The critical and theoretical outlook destroyed the creative instincts. For man’s manifold potential to be realized, he must forego relying on the intellect and nurture again the instinctual roots of human existence.

1. Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to forego intellect and give importance to creative instincts.
2. Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to smother the will with excessive intellectualizing and ignite a zest for living.
3. Nietzsche criticizes the intellectuals for enfeebling the modern bourgeois society by not nurturing man’s creative instincts.
4. Nietzsche blames excessive intellectualization for the decline of modern society and suggests nurturing creative instincts instead.

Q.1.

A. But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians’ only preoccupation.
B. Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
C. Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are monuments of the rich like pyramids and tombs.
D. Houses in which ordinary Egyptian lived have not been preserved, and when most people died they were buried in simple graves.
E. We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the ordinary people, as most monuments were made for the rich.

1. CDBEA 2. ECDAB 3. EDCBA 4. DECAB

Q.2.

A. Experts such as Larry Burns, head of research at GM, reckon that only such a full hearted leap will allow the world to cope with the mass motorization that will one day come to China or India.
B. But once hydrogen is being produced from biomass or extracted from underground coal or made from water, using nuclear or renewable electricity, the way will be open for a huge reduction in carbon emissions from the whole system.
C. In theory, once all the bugs have been sorted out, fuel cells should deliver better total fuel economy than any existing engines.
D. That is twice as good as the internal combustion engine, but only five percentage points better than a diesel hybrid.
E. Allowing for the resources needed to extract hydrogen from hydrocarbon, oil coal or gas, the fuel cell has an efficiency of 30%.

1. CEDBA 2. CEBDA 3. AEDBC 4. ACEBD

Q.1. The human race is spread all over world, from the polar regions to the tropics. The people of whom it is made up eat different kinds of food, partly according to the climate in which they live, and partly according to the kind of food which their country produces. In hot climates; meat and fat are not much needed; but in the Arctic regions they seem to be very necessary for keeping up the heat of the body. Thus, in India, People live chiefly on different kinds of grains, eggs, milk, or sometimes fish and meat. In Europe people eat more meat and less gain. In the Arctic regions, where no grains and fruits are produced, the Eskimo and others races live almost entirely on meat and fish.

1. Food eaten by people in different regions of the world depends on the climate and produce of the region, and varies from meat and fish in the Arctic to predominantly grains in the tropics.
2. Hot climates require people to eat grains while cold regions require people to eat meat and fish.
3. In hot countries people eat mainly grains while in the Arctic, they eat meat and fish because they cannot grow grains.
4. While people in Arctic regions like meat and fish and those in hot regions like India prefer mainly grains, they have to change what they eat depending on the local climate and the local produce.

Q.2. You seemed at first to take no notice of your school-fellows, or rather to set yourself against them because they were strangers to you. They knew as little of you as you did of them; this would have been the reason for their keeping aloof from you as well, which you would have felt as a hardship. Learn never to conceive a prejudice against others because you know nothing of them. It is bad reasoning, and makes enemies of half the world. Do not think ill of them till they behave ill to you; and then strive to avoid the faults, which you see in them. This will disarm their hostility sooner than pique or resentment or complaint.

1. The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. You should not complain unless you find others prejudiced against you and have attempted to carefully analyze the faults you have observed in them.
2. The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. Avoid prejudice and negative thoughts till you encounter bad behaviour from others, and then win them over by shunning the faults you have observed.
3. You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know then well. You should learn not to make enemies because of your prejudices irrespective of their behaviour towards you.
4. You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know them well. You should learn to not make enemies because of your prejudices unless they behave badly with you.

Q.1.

A. The two neighbours never fought each other.
B. Fights involving three male fiddler crabs have been recorded, but the status of the participants was unknown
C. They pushed or grappled only with the intruder.
D. We recorded 17 cases in which a resident that was fighting an intruder was joined by an immediate neighbour, an ally.
F. We therefore tracked 268 intruder males until be saw them fighting a resident male.

1. BEDAC 2. DEBAC 3. BDCAE 4. BCEDA

Q.2.

A. In the west, Allied Forces had fought their way through southern Italy as far as Rome.
B. In June 1944 Germany’s military position in World War two appeared hopeless
C. In Britain, the task of amassing the men and materials for the liberation of northern Europe had been completed.
D. Red Army was poised to drive the Nazis back through Poland.
E. The situation on the eastern front was catastrophic.

1. EDACB 2. BEDAC 3. BDECA 4. CEDAB

Q.3.

A. He felt justified in bypassing Congress altogether on a variety of moves.
B. At times he was fighting the entire Congress.
C. Bush felt he had a mission to restore power to the presidency.
D. Bush was not fighting just the democrats.
E. Representatives democracy is a messy business, and a CEO of the white House does not like a legislature of second guessers and time wasters.

1. CAEDB 2. DBAEC 3. CEADB 4. ECDBA

Q.1 BOLT
1. The shopkeeper showed us a bolt of fine silk.
2. As he could not move, he made a bolt for the gate.
3. Could you please bolt he door?
4. The thief was arrested before he could bolt from the scene of the crime.

Q.2 FALLOUT
1. Nagasaki suffered from the fallout of nuclear radiation.
2. People believed that the political fallout of the scandal would be insigficant.
3. Who can predict the environmental fallout of the WTO agreements?
4. The headmaster could not understand the fallout of several of his good students at the public examination.

Q.3 PASSING
1. She did not have passing marks in mathematics.
2. The mad woman was cursing everybody passing her on the road.
3. At the birthday party all the children enjoyed a game of passing the parcel.
4. A passing taxi was stopped to rush the accident victims to the hospital.

Q.1 Many people suggest ___________ and still other would like to convince people not to buy pirated cassettes.

1. to bring down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidence of music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against the offenders,
2. bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidents of music piracy, others are advocating strong legal action against offenders,
3. bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidents of music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against offenders,
4. audiocassette prices to be brought down to reduce incidents of music piracy, others advocate that strong legal action must be taken against offenders,

Q.2 The ancient Egyptians believed __________________so that when these objects were magically reanimated through the correct rituals, they would be able to functions effectively.

1. that it was essential that things they portrayed must have every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible
2. it was essential for things they portray to have had every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible,
3. it was essential that the things they portrayed had every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible.
4. that when they portrayed things, it should have every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible

Q.3 Archaeologists believe that the pieces of red – ware pottery excavated recently near Bhavnagar and __________________shed light on a hitherto dark 600-year period in the Harappan history of Gujarat.

1. estimated with a reasonable certainty as being about 3400 years old,
2. are estimated reasonably certain to be about 3400 years old,
3. estimated at about 3400 years old with reasonable certainty,
4. estimated with reasonable certainty to be about 3400 years old,